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Saturday, 16 September 2017

DISTRIBUTION INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

February 24, 2017

DISTRIBUTION INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Table of Content:

Task 1:	2
Task 3:	4
(refer to PPT)	4
References	5

Task 1:

What is the software architectural style of system of Bit torrent?

Answer

BitTorrent is used to communicate protocol that is off peer to Peer file sharing. The data of Big torrent are used to distribute files over the internet. Though the protocol that BitTorrent generally seeds are under development as there are many areas to improve and enhance other services. The service on which Bit Torrent works is described below:

Figure: System Architecture

(Source:carlsen, 2016)

BitTorrent is focused on the file transfer protocol, a standard Network protocol is used for transferring the files from one host to the other host over the TCP layer. It is built on a client and server architecture and it can fail if there is Overload, and the server is down for any reason [1].

The components of BitTorrent system are:

Metainfo file

Data

Peer

Tracker

Client

The metainfo file holds all the information about the torrent, it is joined with a .torrent extension.

There are Metainfo, announce, data creation, comment keys in metadata info. This Encoding scheme is mostly used by Bancoding. The tracker is responsible for managing the participation of Torrent, this is basically a HTTP service based on the port 6969, and the peer requests the tracker to join it with other peers that has the required pieces.

The working principle:

The HTTP GET message from a peer to peer tracker and it contains the info_hash, peer_id, uploaded, downloaded, left, port parameter. The response message from the tracker includes interval, tracker_id, peer etc. Data querying takes place from the scraping and then the tracker responds to the scrape page. Peer performs a handshake function in order to start the communication, in the next step handshaking using the BitTorrent Protocol, the peer’s starts delivering message to one another [2]. Once the complete file is downloaded the executable program runs on the user’s machine there is coordination in between OS platforms for reading and writing operations. If the peers are in between the same client, perform the operation can faster.

The seeder generates a torrent and uploads the .torrent file to the server. Then the seeder notifies the tracker, in the next step a leecher downloads the torrent from the web server. The leecher the n connects tracker that is specified in the .torrent file[3] then the leecher connects the peers in order to retrieve the pieces of the files. Whenever there is joining in the BitTorrent network and it is to begin downloading files the tracker computer starts working. The tracker computer is a server and it maintains the list of nodes that are participating in the system. After a computer has established a connection to one of the node, the data downloading starts automatically, the trackers are basically the servers those who are known as active, these are collaborative nodes that are responsible for providing requested chunks. Each of the node may not have a complete copy of the data these are known as leechers, though these leechers will share portion’ that are in the system. Each of the node is based on the equal peer it is a requirement that the nodes upload data with the part of the network. A BitTorrent system must be based on at least one seeder [4]. This must hold a complete copy of the data that are being shared. It may happen that the seeder may leave the system, but it is necessary to have a complete copy that is available for the system.

Web seeding technology is the main ability of BitTorrent clients to download the Torrent pieces from the HTTP sources. The advantage of this feature is that a website can use the distributed torrent for a batch of file or for a particular file.

BitTorrent is a Hybrid network, it is developed for building the client-server architecture and peer to peer architecture. BitTorrent is a half and half system utilizing both the customer server design and the peer to peer design. The brought together server is known as the tracker. The tracker’s obligation is to help peers find different companions. A tracker comprises of numerous deluge sessions with every session it keeps track of the majority of the companions taking part in the specific downpour. The companion contacts the tracker and the tracker reacts with a rundown of associates it might interface with. The tracker is not in charge of the genuine circulation of the substance by any stretch of the imagination. The transmission capacity of the tracker is low since it is a straightforward convention, which peers just associate with when they start up and at characterized time interims of typically 30 minutes.

Task 3:

(refer to PPT)

References

[1]G. Fedak, H. He and F. Cappello, “BitDew: A data management and distribution service with multi-protocol file transfer and metadata abstraction”, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 961-975, 2009.

[2]J. Ju and K. Baker, “Implementing a file transfer protocol between PDP11 and prime 550 computers”, Softw: Pract. Exper., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1009-1019, 1984.

[3]M. Krishna, P. Jamwal, K. Chaitanya and B. Kumar, “Secure File Multi Transfer Protocol Design”,JSEA, vol. 04, no. 05, pp. 311-315, 2011.

[4]J. Zhang, Z. Zhao and H. Jiang, “The Design of File Transfer Protocol Based on R<sup>2</sup>UDP in Digital Radio Narrowband System”, AMR, vol. 926-930, pp. 2598-2601, 2014.

[5]S. Dittmeier, N. Berger, A. Schöning, H. Soltveit and D. Wiedner, “60 GHz wireless data transfer for tracker readout systems—first studies and results”, J. Inst., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. C11002-C11002, 2014.

[6]L. Carlsen, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://web.cs.ucla.edu/classes/cs217/05BitTorrent.pdf. [Accessed: 08- Aug- 2016].

Benn and Jerry Conversation Assignment

This is a solution of Benn and Jerry Conversation Assignment in which we discuss conversation between benn and jerry.

Question 1:

Smith v Anderson (1880) defines partnership as the relation between two persons while carrying out a business in common with a view of profit and to continue business combined for some joint object.If the partner i.e. Ben acts within the actual and ostensible authority, then Jerry will be bound by Ben’s actions. As can be seen in the scenario that the contract applied restriction upon the authority of Ben to bind any contract for the company to not to be involved into any purchases above $1,000. OfficeJerks may or may not refuse the money to return as Jerry claimed depending on the test applied to check whether Ben & Jerry’s company is liable for actions of Ben. The firm is liable to OfficeJerks if the transaction was within the scope of business carried out by the firm, transaction was effected in usual way, the outsider wasn’t known or suspected that Ben was exceeding his authority and OfficeJerks believed Ben to be a partner. If after applying the test, it is found that company is bound by the purchase contract, Ben remains liable to Jerry for having breached the partnership agreement by exceeding his actual authority. Hence, Jerry is entitled to elect either to seek indemnity from Ben or to ratify Ben’s action and adopt the partnership contract. In this whole scenario OfficeJerks can claim to be unknown with the restrictions imposed on Ben for purchasing and choose not to refund the money to Jerry. Ben can be held responsible for breach of contract by Jerry. Applying the facts of Construction Engineering (Australia) Pty Ltd v Hexyl Pty Ltd (1985), it can be concluded that Jerry holds no liability towards OfficeJerks and is not a party to the purchase contract.

Question 2:

Australian Security and Investments Commission has defined that a company has a distinct legal existence separated from its owners, managers, operators, employees and agents(Corporations Act, 2001). The members of a limited company are not liable for the company’s debts. However, directors may also be held personally liable in certain circumstances. According to Commonwealth Law 1.5.1 the directors of the company can be held liable for the debts that are incurred by the company at a time when the company fails or is unable to pay the debts that fall due. This is because of the fundamental duties of director to cease trading when the company is insolvent. Section 1.3 of Corporations Act (2001) also elaborates that the director of the company may be held liable to compensate the company for any losses incurred due to the breach of director’s duties and can also be subjected to a civil penalty. In case of property of business bought on trust, the director may also be held liable incurred by the company as a trustee. Duties described under the Corporations Act (2001)administered by ASIC holds directors liable for breaches of other laws administered by other agencies for example directors may be held responsible for certain outstanding tax obligations of the company under ATO’s director penalty regime.

Question 3:

The Corporation Act 2001 (administered by ASIC) classifies corporations according to the methods by which the liability of member is determined. The company limited by shares is the company whose capital is divided into shares and members of which are only liable to pay to the company the amount which is not paid on their shares. The company limited by shares are needed to add “limited” or “Ltd” at the end of company’s name. These companies can either be public (in which shareholders consider themselves as potential investor) or propriety (in which a there is a close relationship between shareholders and the directors).

The company limited by guarantee has no power to issue shares and does not have a share capital. Australian history is plagued by the companies limited by guarantee(Tomasic, Bottomley, & McQueen, 2002). Under company limited by guarantee, partners undertake that if the company anyhow dissolves or wound up then they will contribute a specified amount to the property of the company. Members of the company may be held liable in case of company wounding up and unable to meet up the liabilities and obligations(Tomasic, Bottomley, & McQueen, 2002). The primary source of fund in companies limited by guarantee are from outside investors because there is no share capital. ASIC requires the company limited by guarantee to include “Ltd” or “limited” at the end of the company’s name(Tomasic, Bottomley, & McQueen, 2002).

Question 4:

The aim of small business guide is to help small business directors to comply with their obligations. The guide also sets out the definitions of directors, key responsibilities of directors, liabilities and obligations of directors, process of becoming a director and the method of resigning as a director(Australian Securities & Investments Commission, 2015). The information about key duties and legal obligations of directors that are set under the Companies Act 2001 is also detailed into small business director’s guide. Although it’s not a complete guide or substitute for professional advice hence relying on this guide alone isn’t recommended.
Employee share plan can help in retaining employees and rewarding them for their loyalty.
The maximum number of shareholders allowed for a proprietary limited company are 50 non-employee shareholders with at-least one director living in Australia(Australian Security & Investments Commission, 2015).
Lookatmoi Holdings needs to add Proprietary or Pty in its name.
A proprietary company is small if it satisfies two of the following conditions i.e. consolidated revenue falls less than $25 million, the consolidated gross assets are less than $12.5 million or the company has less than 50 employees at the end of the financial year. The large proprietary company is the one with $25 million consolidated revenue or more, $12.5 million consolidated gross assets or more and more than 50 employees at the end of financial year.
Proprietary Company can only raise equity by offering its shares or securities to existing shareholders, its employees and/or certain class of investors(SWAAB Attorneys, 2014).
It is beneficial because being proprietary company it has more credibility in market place, easier to attract funds and investment, easier to sell the business or pass it on and the loss is limited to shares of ownership of the partners.(SWAAB Attorneys, 2014)

Question 5:

Every public document issued, signed or published by, or on behalf of, the company must include company letterhead with Australian Registered Body Number in legible characters, its place of origin and the liability of its members(Australian Securities & Investments Commission, 2015).

Question 6:

On basis of the facts of Kelner v Baxter (1866), a company until registered as a corporation lacks legal personality and hence cannot become directly or indirectly a party of the contract. Moreover upon corporation, it cannot ratify the contract and the person who entered into contract is held personally liable on the contract. So Christainis personally liable for the contract entered into with Anastasia. Using facts of Marblestone Industries Ltd v Fairchild (1975), Grey Enterprises Pty Ltd holds no liability towards Anastasia as she was known with the fact that the company is not in existence at the time of making contract.

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Friday, 15 September 2017

Report on Organizational Policy Assignment

This is a solution of Report on Organizational Policy Assignment in which we discuss engaging stakeholders for developing better work practices within the business environment.

POLICY OPTION SUMMARIES

Work practices: Organization needs to be committed towards sustainability in order to bring out improvement in their work practice while undertaking their functioning. Business must implement strategies that are best going to make use of resources within the workplace (Dovers, 2005). It is also important for engaging stakeholders for developing better work practices within the business environment. Under this it is crucial for the organization to recognize the importance of protecting environment by minimizing environmental impact of work practices carried out by the enterprise.
Communication: Within a business communication plays a big role to form a sustainability strategy. It is important for carrying out internal communication for carrying out the change process in order to make the business operations sustainable. Employees of the business have always been the part of very green conscious public (et.al., 2013). Further, business needs to communicate about their strategies to external world in order to protect the sales against increasing number of environmentally conscious consumers.
Equal employment opportunity practices: Sustainability practice is going to ensure about the application of business policies, practices and procedures, so that there is no discrimination undertaken within the enterprise and every employee is laid down with equal access to opportunities (Barr, 2012).

DRAFT SUSTAINABILITY POLICY

Work practices

Tiny Opera Company is going to manage their work practice in a most appropriate manner, especially in respect to the use of costumes, props, lighting and other facilities (Cox and Béland, 2013). The initiating of appropriate strategies has been helpful for the organization in carrying out sustainability practices in their operations. Company is going to engage their stakeholders in order to encourage use of resources in an efficient and responsible manner.

Objective	Strategy	Timeline
Minimizing resource use	· Appropriate monitoring of resources being allocated for each show · Usage of highly sustainable resources that are environmental friendly · There must be appropriate use of costume, props, lighting and facilities during the show	1^st year
Reducing toxic materials and hazardous chemical use	· It is crucial for the enterprise to reduce the presence of hazardous and toxic materials from the prop being used in the shows	1^st year
Encouraging efficient and responsible paper use	· It is important for driving paper efficient work practices and it must be done by leveraging corporate system upgrades · Better sorting of recyclable paper from general rubbish · There is a need for laying down regular monitoring and reviewing office paper	1^st year
Using Low Volatile organic compound	· While carrying out the painting of sets there must be use of Low Volatile organic compound in order to protect the performance of health and safety of employees	1^st year
Appropriate use of electricity	· Programming of all reverse-cycle air conditioners in the office to automatically switch off at 4.45 pm every day	1^st year

Communication

Tiny Opera Company is going to undergo appropriate strategies concerning effective communication process within the work environment of the enterprise. This is done in order to align the working of various departments of the organization in a most appropriate manner (Varsei.et.al., 2014). Management is also going to carry out encouragement process in order to undergo appropriate external communication process.

Objective	Strategy	Timeline
Encouraging visitors to consider sustainability	· Business is going to encourage their visitors to adopt sustainability practice in their daily routine. It will be presenting the aspects that how sustainable organization has been in order to carry out their activities. · For encouraging this aspect business is going to lay down external publicity materials.	1^st year
Effective communication among the employees	· Tiny Opera Company is going to build LAN and other communication aspects, so that within the enterprise employees are able to undergo appropriate communication process. This will be helpful in undergoing appropriate sustainable communication within the work environment.	1^st year
Proper communication between higher and lower level officials	· For enhancing the sustainable communications there is a need for enhancing communication among higher and lower level officials. · In order to enhance this aspect there would be development of internal memos.	1^st year

Equal employment opportunity practices

Objective	Strategy	Timeline
Employees will be provided with equal opportunities	· For initiating this aspect company is going to comply with state, federal and legislation practice in order to provide equal opportunity to their employees. · Business is also going to bind with their operations with international human rights agreements.	1^st year

AN INTERIM REPORT THAT INCLUDES:

an explanation of how you developed a sustainability policy that reflects Tiny Opera Company’s commitment to sustainability

The process that has been adopted for the development of sustainability policy of Tiny Opera Company is as follows:

Meeting with the officials: In order to form the appropriate sustainability policy appropriate meetings have been undertaken in respect to various activities being undertaken within the business. The meetings initiated with the individuals had different perception in respect to the activities that are carried out within the enterprise (et.al., 2016). However, there were certain aspects that had similar perception of every employee. In order to note down these points appropriate memos has been prepared for evaluating these aspects of sustainability in an appropriate manner. It has been done in order to prepare appropriate strategies against these sustainable practices.
Identify the drawbacks: After evaluating the memos it has been identified the common drawbacks that were seen to be within the Tiny Opera Company was in relation to work practices, communication and employment opportunity practices (et.al., 2012). These aspects have been considered important based upon the feedbacks undertaken by the management and other officials of the enterprise.
Planning ways for being sustainable: The recognition of the areas for which it is important for framing sustainability practice has lead to carry out the planning aspect that is required to be adopted for undergoing effective formulation of strategies (Loorbach and Wijsman, 2013). In order to be sustainable in the business practice it is important for carrying out significant planning for framing out strategies against the areas that is required to be improved through effective formulation of policies.
Looking after the viewpoints of management: Once the sustainable policy has been framed the approval of higher management has been undertaken. It has been done in order to look after their viewpoint concerning the sustainable policies (et.al., 2014). In this respect it has been identified that officials were highly satisfied with respect to the sustainable policies that has been framed against work practices, communication and employment opportunity practices.
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This is a solution of UML-Online Student Attendance Management System in which we discuss many different things to stakeholders.

In software designing, people generally like Unified Modelling Language or UML. It also offers many different things to stakeholders. The design of our solution has used UML’s diagrams to present the skeleton and interaction among different components of the system.

UMLs can be formal if needed and informarl as simple as a plain English language. UML could be used for all different types of applications and for all different cases. However the expectancies would be different for instance, some architecturally demanding systems could be designed in high level of details whereas some will only have packages indicating the place of code i.e., the functionality, GUI etc. in the overall system picture. This code could be obtained in a number of different ways.

One of the main goals of an UML is to simplify the communication between different project stakeholders. It also acts as a communication method between development teams, documentation of project and as a contract between developers and customers. In my opinion, this goal is definitely reached. The main strength of UML is that it is a highly effective tool when the project is in initiation stage apart from the strengths mentioned earlier. Diagrams at this point in the development of software tend to play their role best. On the other hand, at the later stages, UML might not do much good and perhaps could even be cumbersome to do so. One can also make use of packaged designs so as to shorten the overall time it takes for the completion of the diagram. UML’s strength is also prevalent when one has to reverse engineer an old code or a code, which is written in some other way. While implementation stage does not mean that the code is 100% generated but the developer could get a clear and commented code skeleton with different kinds of descriptions in the shape of a UML diagram.

Strengths of design:

In addition to above-mentioned benefits, UML is also used to visualize, specify, build and document the components of the software system. UML provides a common interpretation of language. The controlled nature of UML specification allows vendors to update their products in order to satisfy the specific requirements of some versions.

The design of the online student attendance management system uses various UML diagrams i.e. use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram and state chart diagram. Use case diagram is very useful in the design phase. The most important benefit of use cases is that they help in managing complexity of project because it facilitates analysts in focusing the on a specific view at a particular point of time. They begin at a very simple viewpoint i.e. system building for its users. Use cases have provided a basic platform for requirement specification document, user manual and test cases. Use cases facilitate designing by envisioning outcomes before attempting a particular outcome hence making requirements more proactive in developing a system.

Next,the design uses class diagram. It would help developers in modeling complex classes rapidly and identify relationships among them. These classes usually depict the entities of the system. For instance: A student can attend one or many classes. This relationship can be easily shown in the class diagram. It also shortens the time of modeling high-level view of the application.

In addition to the class diagram and uses case, the system also is required to be studied from the timeline events of the student i.e. it is required to know the complete flow if adding a new student in the system. To accommodate this in the design, sequence diagrams are used. It is dynamic in nature and it shows exactly what happens during the entire flow through a use case or an activity thread in an activity diagram. It shows a time-based sequence of tasks. In a design, it is also required to check for collaboration among the objects. Sequence diagram provides a set of collaboration objects and messages passing among them. It depicts the representation of what exactly happens in an use case and not the generic representation. In addition to this, sequence diagram shows how multiple objects belonging to the same class interact with each other and also how a class executes its methods itself. They can also help in depicting how a same message can be passed on to more than one object. They would help programmers to review all sequence diagrams and get a holistic view of entire proposed system. In addition to this, sequence diagrams will provide valuable input to programmer.

Weaknesses of design:

Although, the design offers many benefits for developers and clients but there are some limitations in the design of student attendance system. Use cases are advantageous but there are some risks associated with use cases. They do not address the usability and usefulness of requirements. Although quality issues are very crucial for the success of proposed system, there is no proper way of including non-functional requirements in use case. The 24x7 availability cannot be depicted via any of the diagrams used in the design. In addition to this, there is no systematic manner to represent the interactions among requirements. In future, the developers may altogether avoid use cases because of the time consumed in preparing complete application. In the design we have captured actors in the best possible way but still certain gaps may left behind which may result in inappropriate creation of actors.

State chart diagrams are famous for describing the behavior of the object over a period time. the design has used these diagrams to depict the state of student object during the entire course of its creation. Each and every possible state of the object is shown in the stat chart. But, the diagram is not capable enough to model the interaction of the student object with its associated objects and in fact it is not shown in any of the other diagrams. It’s a major lacking point of the design.

In addition to this, the system is not in static state always. There are some interactions and changes, which keep on happening in the system. The design has used class diagram. As per the agile principles, these diagrams focus only on the static view of the system. It overburdens designers to learn more diagrams. At class diagram stage, it was apparent that it will be have an implication the implementation but it was not known how to address the dynamicity of system. It’s not meant to depict the complete flow hence they cannot be used for this purpose. Moreover, they are not structural in nature and hence can’t predict the structural relationships among classes. Hence, although they can be used for finding missing classes but they cannot be used for identifying precise relationship between classes.

Sequence diagrams are indeed famous for depicting the flow of a requirement or a feature, but it gives a snapshot between two timeframes, which is not complete in a way.

All the mentioned limitations or weaknesses can very well be addressed either by using other diagrams or following a design pattern. Design pattern solves these requirements in a very efficient manner. There are various design patterns for uses cases, sequence diagram and class diagrams. In fact, the weakness of state chart diagram can be eliminated via collaboration diagram but only design patterns can be answer to all issues.